THE CREATIVE SPARK

Since COVID 19 is the pandemic that has put everyone of us in some or the other situations, take time to read this new and recent advances and findings in COVID 19, via the radiodiagnostic point of view.  Generally we do RT - PCR, but the thing is this is highly specific and less sensitive which varies from 60 - 90% (in sensitivity). Thus radiological findings help us determine more clearly.  NOTE - RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS OR RADIODIAGNOSTICS CANNOT BE THE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR COVID 19, RT - PCR IS STILL CARRIED OUT.... RADIOLOGY IS DONE ONLY TO SEE THE EXTENT OF THE DISEASE AND PREDICT THE FURTHER COMPLICATIONS The general lab findings in COVID 19 Patients - Decreased Lymphocyte count (lymphocytopenia)                                                                                High and increased C- reactive proteins (CRP) Things that are sen on radiological scanning are divided into three parts -  1. TYPICAL 2. ATYPICAL 3. VERY ATYPICAL Typical findings are - multifocal ground gla

The deformities and injuries that lead to the neuronal damage is called as nerve injury. It can be caused by trauma or can be present by birth. But most commonly, trauma is the leading cause of nerve injuries. Axillary nerve and musculocutaneous nerve -    Root value - C5 and C6 Axillary nerve has a sensitive part and motor part. Sensory part is called as the Regimental Badge area.  Most common cause of axillary nerve injury is shoulder dislocation. It presents as adduction + internal rotation. Management is very easy. Using splint that holds the arm in abduction + external rotation position. Musculocutaneous nerve presents as extension and pronation of the limb. Most commonly caused by the dislocation of shoulder. Median nerve -    Also called as the labourer's nerve. Supplies the flexor component of the forearm including the thenar eminences, lumbricles 1 & 2. Injury to the median nerve can occur at the following areas -  1. @wrist - wasting of muscles, loss of flexion, abduc

Ligand Gated Receptors - Fastest Acting Receptors. Examples of Ligand Gated Receptors - GABA - A, Glutamate receptors ( NMDA, AMPA, Kainate), Serotonin (5HT3), Nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic Receptors - Pentameric Structure.  Has 2 alpha subunits which acts as a binding site for ACh (Acetylcholine), rest are beta, gamma, delta or epsilon units. The binding of the ACh causes opening of the Sodium channels causing a chain of events. Thus Nicotinic receptors are Ligand gated coupled with sodium channel receptors. Enzyme linked receptors -   Enzyme inside the cell is linked with the receptor present on the outside. Examples - Tyrosine Kinase Receptor, Janus Kinase receptor, cGMP receptor, Serine/Threonine Receptor. Tyrosine Kinase receptor is seen with - VEGF receptors (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)                                                              IGF - 1 Receptor (Insulin like Growth Factor - 1)                                                              Insulin recept

For a drug to give effect, it needs to interact with certain objects that will cause a sequence of reactions that will give the desired effect.  These things that they react with are called as RECEPTORS. The drug can have either of the actions -  1. Full agonist 2. Full antagonist 3. Partial agonists 4. Inverse agonists Full agonists have maximum effect.  Antagonists have zero effect. Partial agonists give sub-maximal or moderate effect. Inverse agonists give the opposite effect. If the drugs having a Full agonistic activity is given with a drug of partial agonistic activity, the partial agonist behaves as a antagonists decreasing the net effect. Types of antagonisms -  1. Pharmacokinetic - one drug inhibiting the effect of other one. Example Rifampicin and Oral Contraceptive pills. 2. Chemical - Chemical reactions of drugs of opposite charges that neutralise the effects. Example; Heparin (-ve) and protamine sulphate (+ve). 3. Physiological - 2 different drugs acting on receptors, prod

Breastfeeding is the primary source of nutrition for babies. As the age advances, the breast milk is slowly transitioned to semi-solid foods to solid foods. The breast milk contains antibodies, that give immunity to the baby. It also has sugars, proteins and fat that are easily digested by the baby. For the baby to completely drink the milk, there should be sufficient contact between the mouth and the nipple. Ensure that the head of the baby is supported, lips wide open, lips touching the areola, and there is no obstruction. This leads to a proper mouth opening and feed is easy. Conditions when milk is not given -  1. Fissure in nipple - Give rest to nipple for about 4 days. Squeeze out the milk and give it to the baby. Avoid cleaning the nipple with alcohol or spirit as it causes irritation. 2. Breast abscess 3. Tuberculosis (mother) 4. Allergy to breast milk Lactation can be inhibited if drugs like stilbestrol is used. [Stilbestrol - 5 microgram OD x 4 days] Lactation is stimulated b

Often we see babies crying and sometimes we don't know the cause. It is difficult to make out anything just by looking at the crying baby. Hence we need to look for certain things that might lead us to a conclusion of why the baby is crying. Look for organic causes - 1. Injury 2. insect bite 3. Swelling .... etc For this strip the baby completely, but keeping in mind that the baby is still warm enough that there is no chance of hypothermia (if the air surrounding is cold). Examine all extremities, head, neck, etc for trauma, swelling. Abdominal examination is done to rule out any Tenderness, mass, visible peristalsis, obstructions etc. Examine the ear drums (for otitis media - a middle ear infection caused by generally staphylococcus group of organisms) Check for neck stiffness (if present may indicate meningitis) Check for the fontanels (palpate them generally, note for any tenderness, swelling, depression etc) If the child is hungry, feed him/her with breast milk.  If the abdomen

Erdheim-Chester disease  (ECD) is a rare condition that can affect many parts of the body, also known as Non Langerhan cells histiocytosis.  It has been diagnosed in children, but it most commonly affects adults.  ECD causes the over-production of immune  cells  called  histiocytes , which then accumulate in  tissues  and  organs  in the body. Parts of the body that may be involved include the long bones,  retroperitoneum , skin, eyes and eyelids, lungs, brain, heart, kidneys, and pituitary gland; however various other tissues or organs can be affected. The signs and symptoms of ECD vary from person to person depending upon the specific locations and extent of involvement. For example, the long bones of the legs are commonly affected, leading to bone pain. When tissues around the eyes are affected, a person may have soft, fatty bumps on the eyelids or protrusion of the eyeballs. Lung involvement may cause  pulmonary fibrosis , which can lead to life-threatening complications. People wi

S   pine is the part which connects the head to the torso and other parts of the body. Spine is the axial part and is present in the midline. Formed out of 33-34 small bones called as Vertebrae, it acts as a support system to the body. The spine is divided into the following parts – 1.     Cervical - 7 2.     Thoracic - 12 3.     Lumbar - 5 4.     Sacral – 5 (Fused) 5.     Coccygeal – 4/5 (Fused) These vertebrae are stacked on top of each other and have an opening in them called as the Vertebral canal. Each vertebra has the following parts – 1.     Body 2.     Laminae 3.     Spinous processes 4.     Transverse processes Two successive vertebrae are separated by a disc called as intervertebral discs. This whole structure creates a curve called as the spinal curve. The cervical and Lumbar region has a concave curve, with the concavity opening at the posterior aspect; and the thoracic and sacral regions has a convex curve with the concavit

These are only slides and no description written.  Contact us on instagram @creativesparkblogs if detailed explanation for a particular slide is required, or for any topic.  Hover over the image to see the answer.

These are only slides and no description written.  Contact us on instagram @creativesparkblogs if detailed explanation for a particular slide is required, or for any topic.  Hover over the image to see the answer.